Ubahlela Kanjani Omaka be-NFC Ngezinhlobo Ezihlukile zama-chip (NTAG, MIFARE, nokuningi)

 

Ukubhala Umaka Kuyimisebenzi Emithathu Ehlukene, Hhayi Eyodwa

 

Uma abantu bethi bafuna ukuhlela omaka be-NFC, ngokuvamile bachaza izinto ezintathu ezihlukene ezenzeka ukuthi zicushwe inkinobho efanayo kuhlelo lokusebenza lwefoni.

 

Esokuqala sithiukufometha. Inkumbulo ye-NFC chip kufanele itshelwe ukuthi indawo yayo yomsebenzisi iqukethe umlayezo we-NDEF kunamabhayithi akhethekile. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokubhala isakhiwo sedatha esincane esaziwa ngokuthi isiqukathi samandla. Ezingxenyeni ze-NTAG21x, lokhu sekuvele kwenziwa ezingeni le-wafer, ngakho-ke i-chip ifika ku-NDEF-ifomethwe futhi ingagcina ibambe i-NDEF. Ku-MIFARE Classic namanye ama-chips, ukufometha kuyinto oyenzayo, futhi isakhiwo sihlala endaweni-yesikhathi esisodwa{7}}ehlelekayo. Ngakho-ke ukufometha kungokwaphakade. Awukho umyalo ongafomethiwe, futhi alikho ithuluzi lomthengisi elizokunikeza lona.

 

Owesibili uthiukubhala iholo: umlayezo we-NDEF oqukethe irekhodi elilodwa noma amaningi, ngokuvamile irekhodi le-URI elikhomba i-URL. Le yingxenye yezithombe wonke umuntu. Ukubhalwa kwe-Payload kuvame ukuphindaphindeka, yingakho ithimba lezentengiso lingaqondisa kabusha umaka womkhankaso ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva ngaphandle koku-oda kabusha ihadiwe.

 

Owesithathu uthiukumisa: amabhayithi ephasiwedi, izingcezu zokukhiya, izilungiselelo zesibuko, izimo zokufinyelela, okhiye bokuqinisekisa. Lesi sendlalelo yilapho izinqumo ezingenakuhlehliswa zihlala khona, futhi yisendlalelo okungekho okokufundisa komthengi okusithintayo nhlobo. Uma uhlela ukuhlela amathegi e-NFC kunoma yini enomngcele wokuphepha oyizungezile, isendlalelo sokumisa siyiphrojekthi.

 

Ukugcina lezi zintathu zihlukene ekhanda lakho yikho okuvimbela inqwaba ukuthi ikhishwe. Ukwehluleka okuningi kokubhala esikuxilongayo akukhona ukwehluleka kokulayisha. Ziyisimo sokufometha noma isimo sokumisa umuntu abengazi ukuthi sikhona.

 

Izinhlobo ze-NFC Tag Chip ziqhathaniswa Ngaphambi kokuthi Uzihlele

 

Zonke izinqumo ezingathi sína mayelana nendlela yokuhlela amathegi e-NFC esikalini ziqala ngaleli thebula, ngoba usilingi wenkumbulo nokusekelwa kweplathifomu kusethwa ngesikhathi sokukhethwa kwe-chip futhi ngeke kufakwe nezichibiyelo kamuva kusofthiwe.

 

I-chip	Inkumbulo yomsebenzisi	Uhlobo lweforamu ye-NFC	Indawo ye-NDEF yefekthri	Iphasiwedi / ukuvikela ukhiye	I-iPhone NDEF ifundeka + bhala
I-NTAG 213	144 byte	Uhlobo 2	Ifomethiwe-ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Yebo
I-NTAG 215	504 byte	Uhlobo 2	Ifomethiwe-ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Yebo
I-NTAG 216	888 byte	Uhlobo 2	Ifomethiwe-ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Yebo
I-MIFARE Ultralight EV1	48 noma 128 byte	Uhlobo 2	Iyafometha	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Yebo
I-MIFARE Classic 1K	1,024 amabhayithi esewonke, alinganiselwa ku-716 atholakala ku-NDEF uma ibhulokhi yomkhiqizi kanye nama-trailer embonini angu-16 sekudonsiwe.	Akulona uhlobo lwe-NFC Forum	Iyafometha,{0}ngokusekelwe emkhakheni	Okhiye bomkhakha we-CRYPTO-1 A/B	Cha
I-MIFARE DESFRE EV3	2 KB ukuya ku-8 KB, ifayela{2}kusekelwe	Uhlobo 4	Isicelo kumele sidalwe	I-AES-128 / 3DES, amalungelo okufinyelela ngefayela ngalinye	Yebo
I-NTAG 424 DNA	Amabhayithi angu-416 esewonke, ahlukaniswe abe yisitsha esinamandla angama-32-byte, ifayela le-NDEF lamabhayithi angu-256 kanye nefayela ledatha elivikelwe le-128-byte	Uhlobo 4	Amafayela{0}ahlinzekwe ngaphambilini	Okhiye abahlanu be-AES-128, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-3-pass mutual	Yebo

 

Izibalo ze-NTAG21x,{1}}ukuziphatha kwebhithi lokukhiya kanye nokuhambisana nohlobo 2 / ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo AIshidi ledatha yomkhiqizo we-NXP NTAG213/215/216. Isakhiwo se-MIFARE Classic 1K ngeshidi ledatha le-NXP ngalinye elithi MF1S50yyX (imikhakha engu-16 × amabhulokhi angu-4 × amabhayithi angu-16). I-DESFire EV3 nge-MF3D(H)x3. Isakhiwo sememori ye-NTAG 424 DNA ngayinyeI-NXP.

 

Amakholomu amabili anquma amaphrojekthi amaningi ngaphambi kokuthi kukhethwe noma iyiphi isofthiwe: usilingi wememori nekholomu ye-iPhone. Lokho itafula elingeke likutshele kona kuyisivuno. I-chip ecaciswe kahle isakhiqiza ukwenqaba uma isinyathelo sombhalo singenayo iphasi yokuqinisekisa ngemuva kwaso, okuyisihloko sengxenye yesibili yalesi sihloko.

 

I-NTAG 213, 215 kanye ne-216: Ukukhetha Okuzenzakalelayo Nophahla Lwakho Lwangempela

 

Cishe kumaphrojekthi angenayo amane kwamahlanu, lo mndeni uyimpendulo elungile, futhi ukufunda ukuhlela omaka be-NTAG 215 NFC kuthatha cishe imizuzwana engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ngohlelo lokusebenza lwefoni. I-chip ithumela i-NDEF-ifomethiwe, uhlobo lwerekhodi olusebenza ngokungaguquki kuyo yonke i-handset irekhodi le-URI elingenalutho, futhi kokubili i-Android ne-iOS liyibhala ngaphandle komsebenzi we-SDK.

 

 

Futhi iwumndeni osekela cishe zonke izinhlelo zekhadi lebhizinisi ledijithali, lapho irekhodi le-vCard eyodwa noma i-URL kuwumthwalo wonke okhokhelwayo, nalapho ifomethi engokoqobo ngokuvamile ibaluleke kakhulu kune-chip. Iningi lalawo ma-oda liyaphelaamakhadi amhlophe e-PVC NFC angenaluthokunokuba izitikha, ngoba ikhadi kufanele lisinde esikhwameni futhi lithathe ukuphrinta.

 

Uphahla lufika ngokushesha kunalokho abantu abakulindele. I-NTAG213 ikunikeza inkumbulo yomsebenzisi engu-144 bytes, futhi umlayezo we-NDEF akuyona nje i-URL yakho. Kukhona isembozo se-TLV, unhlokweni werekhodi, inkambu yohlobo, kanye nenkambu yobude ngaphambi kokuba kugcinwe uhlamvu olulodwa lwekheli lakho. Irekhodi le-URI licindezela iziqalo ezivamile njengehttps://www.ibe yibhayithi eyodwa, ebuyisela amabhayithi ayishumi kuya kwamashumi amabili, futhi engxenyeni engu-144-yebhayithi lowo mehluko uwumugqa phakathi kokufaka nokuhluleka. Lapho amaqembu ebanjwa khona akuyona i-URL ngokwayo kodwa okungeziwe: engeza irekhodi lombhalo lelebula efundeka umuntu, engeza Irekhodi Lohlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuze umaka uvule uhlelo lokusebenza esikhundleni sesiphequluli, futhi ukukhokhelwa okunethezekile kube iphutha elichichimayo.

 

Umthetho wethu wesithupha, futhi lolu uhlobo lwento oyifunda kuphela ngokubhala izigidi ezimbalwa zalokhu: uma i-URL ehlosiwe efaka amapharamitha wombuzo weqa cishe izinhlamvu ezingu-90, yeka ukucacisa i-NTAG213 bese ukhuphukela phezulu. Umehluko wezindleko zeyunithi phakathi kuka-213 no-215 mncane ngokwanele ukuthi awufanele neze ubungozi bokuklama kabusha- kohlelo. Umkhankaso kamuva ofuna ukwengeza amapharamitha e-UTM noma inombolo ye-serial kuwo wonke ama-URL womaka uzoshaya udonga ku-213 futhi ngeke uyishaye ku-215.

 

Ukuvikelwa kwephasiwedi kulo mndeni kufanelekile ukuqondwa ngokunembile, ngoba kubuthakathaka kunegama elithi "iphasiwedi" elisikisela. Inani le-PWD lamabhithi angu-32 lidluliselwa ngokusobala futhi lihlolwe yi-chip, okuyiwona amasango okufinyelela okubhalayo, kanye nokufinyelela kokufunda ngokuzithandela, kusukela ekhasini elikhethiwe kuye phambili. Imisa ilungu elifisa ukwazi lomphakathi ukuthi libhale kabusha umaka wakho ngefoni. Akukona ukulawulwa kwe-cryptographic futhi akufanele nanini kuchazwe kuklayenti njengokukodwa. Qaphela futhi ukuthi akuzona zonke izizukulwane eziyisekelayo nhlobo: i-NTAG203 endala ayinayo indlela yephasiwedi, futhi imibhalo yelabhulali ikubeka obala ukuthi izingcingo zokuvikela ngokumelene nayo zivele zehluleke (nfcpy amadokhumenti).

 

I-MIFARE Classic: Ibhalwa ku-Android, Ayitholakali Ngempumelelo ku-iPhone

 

Nasi isicupho sokusebenzisana esiqede amaphrojekthi amaningi e-NFC kunanoma iyiphi enye into eyodwa. Noma ubani obuza ukuthi ibhalwa kanjani i-NDEF ku-MIFARE Classic kakade usebenza ngokumelene nefomethi yefomethi: I-MIFARE Classic ayilona uhlobo lomaka lwe-NFC Forum, iyikhadi le-ISO/IEC 14443-3A elinomkhakha wobunikazi kanye nesakhiwo esiyinhloko esandulela i-ecosystem ye-NDEF, futhi usekelo lwe-NDEF kuyo lukhona kuphela ngomhlangano wemephu obekwe phezulu.

 

 

I-Android iphatha leyo ngqungquthela. I-iOS ayifuni. I-Apple's Core NFC ayikaze isekele i-MIFARE Classic, nemindeni esekelwe yesikhulumi ye-MIFARE ekhawulelwe ku-Ultralight, Plus kanye ne-DESFire, abathuthukisi bezikhundla bakuqinisekisile ngokuphindaphindiwe ezingosini ze-Apple.Apple Developer Forums). Ngoba i-iOS ayikwazi ukubhekana nememori yekhadi ngokuqondile, i-iPhone ayikwazi ukubhala i-NDEF kuyo futhi ayikwazi ukubonisa i-NDEF egcinwe kuyo.

 

Okwenza lokhu kube yingozi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlola ukuthi amathegi e-MIFARE Classic awabonakali efile ku-iPhone. Ikhadi liphrezenta i-ISO 14443-I-UID, ngakho-ke uhlelo lokusebenza Lwezinqamuleli luzokwamukela ngenjabulo njengesicuphi esizenzakalelayo, futhi ukuskena kwangemuva kusengaqalisa irekhodi le-NDEF eligcinwe ngaphambilini lohlobo olusekelwe. Umholi wokuthengwa kwempahla ohlola isampula ku-iPhone yabo ubona impendulo futhi asayine. Ukuziphatha abakubona kwakungahlangene nokuqukethwe kwenkumbulo yethegi, futhi yonke indlela iwa ngesikhathi iphrojekthi idinga ama-URL eyunithi ngayinye angafundwa ama-iPhones.

 

Umthetho osebenzayo ophuma kulokhu: noma ubani oqhathanisa indlela yokuhlela omaka be-NFC be-iPhone vs Android kufanele aqalise ukuhlolwa kokwamukela kuzo zombili izinkundla nge-chip yokukhiqiza, hhayi ku-Android iyodwa, futhi angalokothi kusampula ye-chip ehlukile kunaleyo eku-oda lokuthenga.

 

Mangingagwegwesi ngesincomo, ngoba "kuncike esimweni sakho sokusebenzisa" akuyona impendulo ewusizo lapha. Uma omaka bakho be-NFC bezothentwa amalungu omphakathi, cacisa noma yini ngaphandle kwe-MIFARE Classic.

 

Emaqenjini asevele engaphakathi kwesistimu yokufinyelela{0}esekelwe Yakudala, isinqumo siyehla sibe okuhlukile okukodwa, futhi akubona omaka. Kuyimpilo esele yesevisi yefa lomfundi wakho. Uma labo bafundi besalelwe yiminyaka emibili noma emithathu kubo futhi ingekho i-smartphone ezoke ithinte ukuqinisekiswa, ukuqhubeka ne-Classic ku-loop evaliwe kuwucingo olungavikeleki, futhi imibuzo esebenzayo iba yi-IC sourcing nefomethi ye-UID kunendlela yombhalo wekhodi, okuyilokho esikuhlanganisayo kumanothi ethuuku-oda amathegi e-MIFARE 1K ohlelweni olufakiwe. Uma abafundi bona kufanele bashintshwe kulelo windi, ungachithi imali ekuqinisekiseni kwesikhashana. Hambisa lonke ifa ku-AES{2}ingxenye esekelwe esinyathelweni esisodwa futhi uthole izindleko kanye.

 

Kukhona ugibe lwesibili emndenini ofanayo, olucashile ngokwanele ukuthi lusinda emijikelezweni ye-QA egcwele. Ukwengeza isembozo se-Smart Poster kurekhodi, enikezwa ngamathuluzi wombhalo wekhodi njengendlela enobungane yokunamathisela isihloko ku-URL, kushintsha uhlobo lwerekhodi. Amarekhodi asongwe ngaleyo ndlela awathathwa ukuskena kwangemuva kwe-iOS nhlobo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini efakwe ngaphakathi. Ukuhlola kwe-Android kudlula kuwo wonke amadivayisi, ama-iPhones awenzi lutho, futhi awukho umlayezo wephutha noma kuphi ongawuhlonza.

 

I-Ultralight, i-DESFire kanye ne-NTAG 424 DNA: Lapho Ukuhlela Kuba Ukuphathwa Okubalulekile

 

I-MIFARE Ultralight EV1 ihlala eduze ne-NTAG21x ngokuziphatha futhi uhlela omaka be-NFC kuyo ngendlela efanayo, ngesabelomali senkumbulo esincane samabhayithi angu-48 noma angu-128 kanye nesigaba esifanayo sesango lephasiwedi. Akukho okusha okwenzekayo ngokomqondo.

 

I-DESFire ne-NTAG 424 DNA isiyalo esihlukile. Kulezi zingxenye zoHlobo 4 awubhali amabhayithi kumephu yememori eyisicaba, usebenzisa uhlelo lwefayela elinamalungelo-efayela ngalinye, futhi yonke imisebenzi enengqondo idinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokhiye we-AES{7}}128 kuqala. I-NTAG 424 DNA iphethe okhiye be-AES abachazwe ngamakhasimende abahlanu, isebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-3-pass efanayo kufayela ledatha elivikelwe, futhi iphethe isitifiketi Semibandela Ejwayelekile EAL4 kukho kokubili izingxenyekazi zekhompyutha nesofthiwe. Amaqembu ahlela amathegi e-NFC okuqinisekisa umkhiqizo kunokuqondisa kabusha okulula ngokuvamile afuna le ngxenye ngokuqondile, ngenxa yesici esisodwa.

 

Leso sici sithi Secure Dynamic Messaging, esivame ukubhalwa njengeLANGA. Uma inikwe amandla, i-URL ye-NDEF i-chip yethula izinguquko kukho konke ukuthepha okukodwa: i-chip ikhombisa i-UID yayo kanye nesibali sokufunda esikhula kancane ku-URL, ebethelwe ngokuzithandela, futhi yengeza i-CMAC efakwe ikhompuyutha ngokhiye uwena kuphela nokubamba i-chip. Ingemuva lakho lingakwazi ukusho umaki wangempela ku-URL ethwebuliwe, futhi lingakwazi ukusho inombolo yocingo 4 kusukela kunombolo yocingo engu-4,000.

 

Ukuyilungisa ngendlela efanele yilapho ukucaciswa kuluma khona. Imithetho yokwenza isibuko ayimahhala-ifomu: uma idatha ye-PICC ibethelwe, ukwenza isibuko se-UID kanye nekhawunta efundwayo kuba isibopho kunokuba kube okokuzithandela, bobabili bahlala behamba ndawonye, ​​futhi i-CMAC kufanele ihlale ekugcineni komlayezo we-NDEF. Dala ukwakheka kwe-URL yakho kulezo zingqinamba, hhayi ngenye indlela, noma ukuguqulwa ngeke kuxazulule futhi ingemuva lizokwenqaba konke ukufundwa.

 

Ukwehluleka esikubona kaningi ekuhanjisweni kweLANGA akuhlangene nalokho. Konke ukusetshenziswa kwereferensi yomphakathi kanye nemikhumbi yedemo yemikhumbi elungiselelwe efekthri-izenza ngokuzenzakalelayo zonke-okhiye abaziro, ngoba yilokho okwenza idemo isebenze ngaphandle kwebhokisi. I-prototype yamaphrojekthi ephikisana nalokho, i-prototype iyasebenza, futhi isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuzungezisa asilokothi singene ohlwini lokuhlola lokuqalisa. Omaka baphuma benqunu ngokufihlekile kuyilapho wonke umuntu ohililekile ekholelwa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kubethelwe, yingakho inqubo yethu yokukhishwa kwesampula ihlola ukuhlukahluka okubalulekile kumayunithi okukhiqiza kunanoma yini esetshenzisiwe kudemo.

 

Imisebenzi Eyisithupha Awukwazi Ukuhlehlisa Uma Uhlela Amathegi e-NFC

 

Ukubhalwa kabusha kwenkokhelo kushibhile. Lezi azikho. Ngayinye engezansi iyisinqumo esiguqula inqwaba yomaka ibe yimpahla engashintshi, futhi ngayinye ibe yimbangela yohlu lwamagama olulahliwe kuye kwadingeka ukuthi siyishintshe mathupha.

 

Ukusebenza	Ekwenzayo	Kungani ingenakuhlehliswa	Lapho kufanele ihlelwe
Ukufometha kwe-NDEF	Ubhala isitsha samandla	Ihlala{0}kumemori{1}}yesikhathi esisodwa ehlelekayo	Embonini, ngemva kokuqinisekiswa kohlobo lwe-chip
Izingcezu zokukhiya ezimile	Ikhiya amakhasi okuqala ayi-16 kuma-chips oHlobo lwesi-2	Izingcezu zokukhiya zisethwe-kuphela futhi azikwazi ukusethwa kabusha	Kuphela ngemva kokuba okuqukethwe kokugcina kuvaliwe
Izingcezu zokukhiya ezinamandla	Mboza amabhayithi edatha angu-96 ku-NTAG213, 456 ku-NTAG215 no-840 ku-NTAG216, ngembudumbudu yamakhasi angu-2 ku-NTAG213 kanye namakhasi angu-16 ku-NTAG215 naku-NTAG216, ngeshidi ledatha le-NXP elicashunwe ngenhla	Isethi efanayo-indlela kuphela, unaphakade ofanayo	Isango elifanayo nezingidi ezimile
Iswishi yokufunda-kuphela	Isetha ifulegi lokubhala le-NDEF unaphakade	Awukho umyalo ophambene okhona	Ungalokothi ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwesilingo senkambu
Imodi ye-LRP ku-NTAG 424 DNA	Ishintshela i-AES ekuvuzeni-ukusebenza okuqinile	Inikwe amandla i-SetConfiguration, ingenayo indlela ebuyela kumodi ye-AES	Kuphela uma imodeli ebhaliwe yokusongela iyidinga
Ukushintsha kokhiye ngaphandle kokukhokha	Ingena esikhundleni sokhiye befekthri be-AES	I-chip ayinayo indlela yokutakula uma ukhiye omusha ulahlekile	Kanye kuphela ukugcinwa kokhiye kunikezwe ngokusemthethweni

 

Lobo bumbudumbudu bekhasi imininingwane esebenzayo abantu abaningi abayiphuthelayo uma bebuza ukuthi bayikhiya kanjani ithegi ye-NFC ngemva kokuhlela. Ukukhiya akuyona into eyodwa-noma{2}}okungashintshi lutho. Ku-NTAG215 naku-NTAG216 ungakhiya kumabhulokhi wamakhasi angu-16, okwenza isakhiwo esixubile sisebenze: indawo yenombolo ye-serial ekhiyiwe efekthri, isifunda se-URL yomkhankaso esishiyelwa ukubhaleka ithimba lokumaketha. Ku-NTAG213 imbudumbudu ingamakhasi amabili, mahle kodwa kumephu encane kakhulu. Ukunquma umngcele kuwumsebenzi wokuklama, futhi kufanele kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuqala kombhalo wekhodi, hhayi ngemva kwalokho.

 

Umkhuba okufanele wakheke ukuhlukanisa isango lombhalo wekhodi nesango lokukhiya. Seluleka amakhasimende ngokumelene nokukhiya endaweni yokuhleleka, futhi isizathu esokuhwebelana ngokuphelele kunesobuchwepheshe.

 

Kuwo wonke umlando wethu we-oda, isicelo esivame kakhulu-sokulethwa akusona isimangalo sesici, siwushintsho lwendawo, futhi sihlangana phakathi konyaka wokuqala wesevisi. Izibangeli ezivamile ukufuduka kwekhasi lokubikezela noma ukunikezwa kwe-ejensi, akukho okubonakalayo ngesikhathi kufakwa i-oda. Awudingi izibalo zokungaphumeleli zanoma ubani ukuze wenze kulokhu, ngoba i-asymmetry inquma yona ngokwayo: umaka ovuliwe ongadingi ukushintshwa akubizi lutho, kuyilapho umaka okhiyiwe odinga ukushintshwa ubiza i-oda eligcwele lokubuyisela kanye nomsebenzi wokufaka kabusha. I-NFC yohlelo imaka kuqala, qalisa isilingo senkambu, vala ngemva kwalokho.

 

Ukuqinisekisa I-Chip Yilokho I-invoyisi Ekushoyo

 

 

Ubuqiniso be-Chip akuyona into ekhathazayo kulesi sigaba, iyinto yokuhlola engenayo-okuvamile, futhi ingeyesinyathelo se-QC esifanayo njenganoma ikuphi okunye ukuhlola okwenzayo ngaphambi kokuthi uhlele omaka be-NFC ngamanani okukhiqiza. Imindeni ye-NTAG, MIFARE, Ultralight kanye ne-ICODE ye-NXP ngayinye iphethe i-ECC{2}}isiginesha yokwangempela ebhalwe ekukhiqizweni kwe-chip, amabhayithi angu-32 ezingxenyeni ze-NTAG21x, engafundwa ibuye futhi iqinisekiswe ngokumelene nokhiye womphakathi womkhiqizi. Umaka oziphatha kahle usengahluleka lokho kuhlola.

 

Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphezu kwalokho imakethe evumayo. Onjiniyela abathenga amathegi e-NTAG21x ngamashaneli ajwayelekile okuthengisa abike emphakathini womkhiqizi ukuthi amasampula asebenza ngendlela eshiwo ncamashi, i-counter mirroring ifakiwe, nokho babika njenge-clone silicon ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kokwangempela, futhi impendulo eshicilelwe ye-NXP iwukuthi lezo zingxenye azisekelwe futhi azifaneleki ukusetshenziswa okuphephile ngoba i-IC ngokwayo ingase ibe sengozini (Umphakathi we-NXP).

 

Umphumela wokusebenza mncane kunalokho abantu abacabanga ngakho, futhi kufanelekile ukusho ngokuqondile. Uma isicelo sakho siwukuqondisa kabusha ukumaketha, i-clone chip izokusebenzela ngokwanele futhi ungase ungabi nandaba. Uma isicelo sakho sibandakanya ukuqinisekiswa, ubufakazi bokuphazamisa, noma isiphi isimangalo esimelene{2}nomgunyathi esenziwe kukhasimende lakho, i-chip engenakuqinisekiswa yenza yonke indawo ingasebenzi, futhi alikho inani lombhalo oqondile owunxephezelayo. Ukuqinisekisa kuthatha imizuzwana ngesampula ngayinye ngohlelo lokusebenza lokufunda, futhi kungokwenqubo yakho engenayo ye-QC esikhundleni sokuthunyelwe{4}}kokufa. Ukufunda okuhlobene kwanoma ubani obhala okuqedayo kodwa ofunda athule:kungani isitikha esihlanganisiwe sifundeka kahle kodwa sisehluleka emnyango.

 

Umbuzo Wokuvikela Wakudala we-MIFARE, Ushiwo kabusha Ngokwethembeka

 

Noma ubani ocacisa i-MIFARE Classic namuhla kufanele asebenze kusukela endaweni yamanje yocwaningo kunedumela inkundla eyayinalo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.

 

Ngo-2024, ucwaningo lwe-FM11RF08S, i-MIFARE Classic chip ehambisanayo eyakhululwa ngo-2020 enezinyathelo eziqinile ezidizayinelwe ukumelana nakho konke ukuhlaselwa okwaziwayo{4}kwamakhadi kuphela, kwanqoba lezo zinyathelo zokuphikisa futhi kwembula i-hardware backdoor ngesikhathi kuqhubeka inqubo. I-backdoor ivumela noma imuphi umuntu owaziyo ukuthi afake ebucayini wonke umsebenzisi-okhiye ochaziwe ekhadini phakathi namaminithi okufinyelela ngokomzimba, futhi lokhu kubamba nalapho okhiye behlukanisiwe ngokugcwele ngekhadi ngalinye (Ingobo yomlando ye-Cryptology ePrint). Okhiye be-backdoor abahlobene bahlonzwe kusethi ebanzi yezingxenye, okuhlanganisa izizukulwane zangaphambili ze-Fudan kanye namadivayisi athile e-NXP ne-Infineon.

 

Funda lokho ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuthatha isiphetho esingalungile kukho. Lokhu akuwona ukuphikisana kokuthi wonke umuntu osebenzisa i-MIFARE Classic uzodalulwa kusasa, futhi asethuli njengenye. Izigidi zokuqinisekisa Ezijwayelekile zisebenza ezindaweni{2}}ezinemiphumela ephansi lapho ukwenza ikhadi kuzuza umhlaseli ukufinyelela elokha yejimu. Kuyi-agumenti yokuthi igama elithi "vikela" akufanele livele noma yikuphi kudokhumenti ecacisiwe eduze kwalo mndeni we-chip, nokuthi noma ubani ozohlela omaka be-NFC bamagumbi ehhotela, ukufinyelela ehhovisi, noma inkokhelo engenamali nge-silicon Yakudala kufanele enze intengo yokuthuthela ku-AES{4}ingxenye esekelwe emjikelezweni ofanayo webhajethi.

 

Omaka bokuhlela be-NFC ngobuningi: Yini Eshintshayo Ngaphezu kwamayunithi ayinkulungwane

 

Konke okuchazwe kuze kube manje kubi kakhulu. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwefoni lubhala ithegi eyodwa ngesikhathi ngaphandle kwerekhodi lenqwaba, ingekho iphasi yokuqinisekisa, futhi ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa kamuva ukuthi iyiphi i-URL eya kuyiphi iyunithi yangempela. Kunezigaba ezintathu zokuthi uhlelwa kanjani omaka be-NFC ngobuningi, futhi ukweqa phakathi kwabo kuyasebenza kunobuchwepheshe.

 

Isigaba sokuqala ifoni kanye nohlelo lokusebenza, olusebenza cishe kumayunithi ayikhulu, afanele ama-prototypes kanye nabashayeli bezindiza bangaphakathi.

 

Isigaba sesibili yilapho iningi-lamaqembu ezindlu lihlala khona: uhlela omaka be-NFC nombhali ofunda kudeskithophu, eshayelwa ifayela lenqwaba, ngokuvamile ngesishumeki se-USB ekilasini le-ACR12xx noma le-uTrust. Isebenza kahle kuze kube yilapho i-chip ishintsha. Ithuluzi lenqwaba yomthombo elisetshenziswa kabanzi-kulesi sikhala, ngokwesibonelo, liqondise i-ACR122 ngokuqondile futhi lifaka ikhodi kuphela i-MIFARE Ultralight kanye ne-Ultralight C, okuyizingxenye zohlobo 2, ngakho ukuhambisa leyo phrojekthi ku-chip yoHlobo 4 kusho ukwakha kabusha ithuluzi esikhundleni sokuhlela ifayela lokulungisa. Uma usakhetha ihadiwe yalesi sigaba, yethuUbubanzi bokubhala be-USB nedeskithophu ye-NFC{0}}yokubhalaihlanganisa amamodeli omfundi lawa ma-toolchain alindele.

 

Ukuzijwayeza komkhakha wesigaba sesithathu{0}}ukubhala ngaphambili ngekhodi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, futhi lesi isigaba abathengi abaningi abangasazi ukuthi sikhona. Elayini yethu embonini engu-3,600 m², ukubhala ngekhodi kuhlala phakathi kwe-chip bonding kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokugcina, ezintweni zokusebenza ezikhomba umaka ngamunye endaweni, ebhala irekhodi, futhi ilifunde emuva ngaphambi kokuthi ithegi iqhubeke. Iphasi yokuqinisekisa iyonke iphuzu. Ithegi ehluleka ukufundwa-emuva inqatshwa-emgqeni kunokuba itholwe ikhasimende endaweni, futhi inqwaba ishiya nefayela lemephu elixhumanisa yonke i-UID noma i-TID nokuqukethwe okuyikonakona okubhalelwe kuyo, okuyilokho okudingwa yi-CMS yakho noma inkundla yezibalo ngosuku lokuqala. Amandla okubopha okuzenzakalelayo kuyo yonke imigqa emihlanu yokukhiqiza asebenza ngaphezu kwama-chips angu-100,000 ngosuku, ngakho ukubhala ngekhodi akubi isithiyo ngesikhathi sokuhola.

 

Okushiya leyo ncazelo, ngamabomu, umkhawulo wokwamukela. Okufundiwe-ukuqinisekisa emuva kuyisango lokudlula/lefail, kodwa izinga lokuhluleka okufanele wamukele ngokwenkontileka liyahluka ngokomndeni we-chip, uhlobo lwefomu, kanye nokuthi umaka ufakwa laminated kamuva yini; isitika esimelene-sensimbi nekhadi le-PVC aziphathi ngendlela efanayo emugqeni ofanayo. Leyo nombolo ingeyengcaphuno ephikisana nesakhiwo sakho esithile, hhayi esihlokweni, futhi yinto yokuqala esiyimisayo lapho kuqala uhlelo olusha.

 

Lapho sidweba khona umkhawulo wethu wamandla kufanelekile ukusho ngokusobala, ngoba ingxenye evame ukufiphaliswa abahlinzeki. Sizongaphambi{1}kohlelo lwamathegi e-NFC ngesifanekiso sakho se-URL, sihlele ngeyunithi ngayinye, siqinisekise wonke amathegi, futhi silethe ifayela lemephu. Sizohlinzeka ngokhiye be-AES obanikezayo. Ngeke sibambe okhiye bakho bokukhiqiza, ngeke sisebenzise i-backend yakho yokuqinisekisa, futhi ngeke sikutshele ukuthi ifekthri ingenza uhlelo lokusebenza{4}}idizayini yokuphepha ibe lungile. Leyo ngxenye ingeyakho, futhi noma yimuphi umphakeli ofuna ngenye indlela ukudayisela ukudluliswa kobungozi okungekho.

 

Imibuzo Eyisishiyagalolunye Okufanele Uyixazulule Ngaphambi Kokuqala Kokubhala Ikhodi

 

Qalisa lokhu ngaphambi kwe-oda lokuthenga, hhayi ngemva kokufika kwamasampuli. Into ngayinye iqede okungenani iphrojekthi eyodwa esicelwe ukuthi siyihlenge.

 

#	Umbuzo	Kungani inquma i-chip
1	Ingabe ama-iPhones azobathinta laba bomaki?	Isusa i-MIFARE Classic ekucatshangweni ngokuphelele
2	Buthini ubude obugcwele be-URL, okuhlanganisa namapharamitha wesikhathi esizayo?	Imisa phansi kokuthi NTAG213, 215 noma 216
3	Ingabe irekhodi elilodwa lanele, noma udinga irekhodi lombhalo noma irekhodi lohlelo lokusebenza futhi?	Amarekhodi engeziwe asebenzisa isabelomali sememori esifanayo
4	Ingabe indawo okuyiwa kuyo izoshintsha phakathi nempilo yesevisi kamaka?	Inquma ukuthi ukukhiya kuyamukeleka yini
5	Ingabe uhlelo lokusebenza lwenza isimangalo sobuqiniso kubasebenzisi bokugcina?	Ikuphushela ku-NTAG 424 DNA noma i-DESFire
6	Ubani ophethe futhi azungezisa okhiye be-AES?	Kufanele inikezwe ngaphambi kokuthi noma yimuphi ukhiye ushintshwe
7	Uyini umbandela wokwamukela inqwaba elethiwe?	Ichaza ukuthi ingabe ukufunda{0}okubuyiselwe emuva kungokwenkontileka
8	Ingabe udinga i-UID-ukuze{1}}ifayela lokumepha okuqukethwe?	Kufanele icaciswe ngaphambi kokuqaliswa, hhayi ukucelwa ngemuva
9	Ingabe ukuqinisekiswa kwesiginesha yokwangempela kuyingxenye ye-QC engenayo?	Inquma ukuthi i-chip sourcing iyahloleka yini

 

Amaqembu angakwazi ukuphendula konke okuyisishiyagalolunye ngokuvamile athola ukukhiqizwa okuhlanzekile emzamweni wokuqala. Amaqembu angaphendula ayisithupha kwayisishiyagalolunye ngokuvamile athola amathathu asele ngendlela ebizayo.

 

Imibuzo eyisishiyagalolunye iyinguqulo evamile. Leyo esisebenza kuyo empeleni yengeza ikholomu yeshumi, impendulo elungele ukwakha kwakho esikhundleni sokujwayelekile, futhi leyo kholomu incike ezintweni lesi sihloko esingakwazi ukuzibona: i-handset mix yakho, i-reader estate yakho, inqubo yakho yokugcwalisa, kanye nokuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-serialization kufanele kube ngokulandelana noma okungahleliwe. Sithumelele izimpendulo eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuqala futhi sizobuyisela inguqulo yesichasiselo ngokumelene nokucaciswa kwakho.

 

Lapho Lokhu Kushiya Umthengi

 

Ayikho inqubo evamile yokuthi uhlelwa kanjani omaka be-NFC, inqubo kuphela nge-chip ngayinye, iplatifomu ngayinye, ivolumu ngayinye. Khetha i-chip ngokumelene nosilingi wememori kanye nombuzo we-iPhone kuqala. Phatha ukufometha, umthwalo okhokhelwayo kanye nokumisa njengamasango amathathu ahlukene. Ungalokothi ukhiye ngaphambi kwesilingo senkambu. Qinisekisa okwangempela kumasampuli angenayo. Ngaphezulu kwamayunithi ayinkulungwane, yeka ukucabanga ngezinhlelo zokusebenza bese uqala ukucabanga ngokuqinisekiswa nokulandeleka.

 

Uma ukucaciswa sekuvele kubhaliwe, siyajabula ukukubuyekeza ngokumelene nemikhawulo ye-chip engenhla futhi sihlabe umkhosi noma yini engeke iphile ekukhiqizweni, futhi amasampuli amahhala ayatholakala ukuze ahlolwe kubafundi bakho bangempela ne-handsets. Ungaqala futhi kusuka ku-Amafomethi womaka we-NFC esiwahlela ngaphambili-futhi siyawaqinisekisa-endliniuma isinqumo se-chip sisavuliwe, nomathumela ukwakheka kwe-URL nevolumu eqondisiwe ukuze kubuyekezwe umbhalo wekhodiuma isivele isilungisiwe.

 

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